Benefícios da Atividade Física Durante a Gestação
A organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda que adultos façam de 150 a 300 minutos de atividade física moderada a intensa semanalmente, incluindo quem vive com doenças crônicas ou alguma incapacidade.
Para gestantes a recomendação não é diferente. Quando olhamos a incidência de gestantes que praticam atividade física, o número ainda é menor do que mulheres não gestantes com a mesma faixa etária. Os dados são alarmantes, segundo Tavares et al 2009, em um estudo feito com 118 gestantes no Nordeste, 100% estavam sedentárias na 32ª semana gestacional.
Desde 1990 que vemos uma mudança sobre as recomendações sobre atividade física na gestação, mas foi somente a partir de 2002 que a pratica foi considerada segura para todas as gestantes saudáveis pelo American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), que elaborou um guia com as contraindicações absolutas e relativas sobre a pratica de atividade física para gestantes.
Mas afinal, qual a melhor modalidade para a gestante praticar?
Apesar da recomendação da OMS e dos inúmeros estudos mostrando os benefícios de uma gestação mais ativa, a intensidade, duração, frequência e modalidade dos exercícios devem ser prescritos de forma individual, considerando as particularidades de cada mulher. É importante que seja uma atividade prazerosa para essa mulher, aumentando a aderência ao exercício a longo prazo.
Podemos dizer que uma atividade física com propósito pode trazer ainda mais benefícios não só para a gestante, mas também para o bebe que está sendo gerado e para o momento do parto.

Exercícios Aeróbicos
Essa é a atividade física mais popular entre as gestantes e mais acessível a todas as classes sociais. Uma boa caminhada pode ser feita na rua ou em esteira e proporciona uma melhora do condicionamento físico e manutenção da capacidade cardio respiratória, além de auxiliar na prevenção e no controle de doenças gestacionais como diabetes gestacional (DG), hipertensão gestacional (DHEG) e auxiliar na manutenção do peso materno.
Mas além da caminhada, essa modalidade inclui: Corrida leve (Trote), bicicleta estacionária, Natação, Hidroginástica, dança e outras atividades de baixo impacto.
Treino de Resistência Muscular
Conforme a gestação avança é normal que aconteçam algumas alterações posturais nessa mulher. Normalmente as mulheres adotam uma postura com aumento da curvatura lombar (hiperlordose), associada a uma rotação de quadril, até mesmo a marcha dessa mulher muda. Para seu corpo suportar todas essas alterações sem causar dores ou lesões é importantíssimo que se mantenha o fortalecimento muscular.
Exercícios de fortalecimento muscular, tem como objetivo, o aumento de força de forma global, contribuindo para a prevenção de traumas e quedas, prevenção e tratamento de disfunções musculoesqueléticas e prepara o corpo da mulher não apenas para o parto, mas também para o pós-parto, onde essa mulher estará com um bebê nos braços grande parte do dia, amamentando, cuidando, ninando e apesar de não parecer, tudo isso exige muito da musculatura, especialmente dos músculos posturais.
As atividades que trabalham a força e a resistência são muitas e incluem: Pilates, Yoga, Musculação e treinamento funcional. É importante mencionar o cuidado com a cargas, nesse momento o objetivo não é a hipertrofia ou o emagrecimento, por isso, as cargas devem ser leves, buscando o equilíbrio da musculatura.
Alongamento Muscular
O alongamento muscular permite a melhora da flexibilidade e o relaxamento muscular, porem apesar de necessário deve ser feito com cautela assim como as outras modalidades de exercício. A fisiologia de uma gestação inclui a liberação de um hormônio chamado relaxina, que apesar de extremamente necessário para que tudo se desenvolva normalmente, provoca o afrouxamento de tendões e ligamentos, por isso, é importante respeitar os limites do seu corpo.
Esses exercícios de alongamento deem ser complementares aos treinos aeróbicos e de resistência e são encontrados nas modalidades de Yoga e Pilates.

Quais os benefícios de realizar atividade física durante a gestação?
Bom, como já foi dito a atividade física é indicada para qualquer pessoa a fim de evitar diversas alterações de saúde e na gestação não é diferente. Os benefícios são diversos e atingem diversas áreas do organismo materno.
O exercício reduz e previne as lombalgias tão presente na gestação, além de auxiliar na adaptação da nova postura, ocasionada pelo aumento do volume uterino e consequente deslocamento do centro de gravidade da mulher. Ainda no sistema musculo esquelético, os exercícios podem ajudar com dores nas pernas, prevenindo entorses e quedas e auxiliar no retorno venoso, prevenindo assim inchaços.
Estudos mostram também que a pratica de atividade física recorrente está diretamente ligada a prevenção de alterações como Diabetes Gestacional (DG) e pré eclampsia. Além é claro de colaborar com a manutenção do peso durante a gravidez, pois apesar do senso comum dizer que é normal “comer por dois” na verdade o aumento exagerado de peso durante a gestação está associada a resultados gestacionais desfavoráveis como complicações no parto, macrossomia fetal e no pós-parto o risco de obesidade na mulher.
Quais são as atividades físicas não indicadas para gestante?
Até agora falamos sobre todos os benefícios da pratica de atividade física durante a gestação, mas é verdade que nem todo exercício é benéfico nesse período.
No geral, a gestante deve evitar exercícios exaustivos, artes marciais e aquelas com bola como voleibol e basquetebol que possam ocasional traumas, principalmente no primeiro trimestre.
Alguns sinais devem ser sempre observados e caso a gestante sinta qualquer um deles, a atividade deve ser interrompida imediatamente, como: Perda de Líquido Amniótico, dor no peito, sangramento vaginal, enxaqueca, falta de ar importante, náuseas, dores abdominais, fraqueza muscular, tontura ou redução dos movimentos do bebe.
Existem também alguns casos que seu médico (a), pode vir a proibir a atividade física de qualquer natureza, mas esses casos são incomuns, normalmente a regra vale para gestantes com doenças cardíaca com alteração hemodinâmica, doença pulmonar restritiva, mulheres com risco de prematuridade, placenta prévia após 26ª semana gestacional, ruptura de membranas, sangramento uterino persistente, cervix incompetente e pré eclampsia.
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Movimentando-se com propósito
Trabalho com gestantes a 10 anos e ao longo desse tempo tenho trabalhado com as gestantes de forma muito específica e tenho resultados muito favoráveis.
No primeiro trimestre caso a gestante já seja ativa, reduzo as cargas e as amplitudes de movimento, para que ela consiga manter a atividade física. Nesse período as mulheres sentem muito enjoo e por isso é importante trabalhar com cautela.
No segundo trimestre, a gestante já não tem tanto mal-estar como no primeiro e ainda não sente as dificuldades do terceiro trimestre. É o momento ideal para trabalhar com exercícios de resistência muscular. Pensando em cada alteração fisiológica que o corpo dessa mulher já está sofrendo e quais ainda sofrerá, pensando não só na gestação, mas também no parto e no pós-parto, fortalecendo o corpo de forma global.
Já no terceiro trimestre, normalmente as mulheres já estão mais cansadas, o peso da barriga é maior, estão também mais lentas, então é o momento de trabalhamos os exercícios de mobilidade que serão importantes para prevenir dores e auxiliar durante o parto. Para aquelas que desejam o parto normal, também é o momento de treinar algumas posturas que poderão ser usadas no parto para que a gestante já se acostume com elas e facilite no momento do parto.
Algo muito importante quando falamos em movimentar-se com propósito é trabalhar a musculatura estabilizadora da coluna, o que ajudará na postura, na prevenção de dores e também ajuda a evitar diástase abdominal. Sobre essa última deve-se tomar cuidado particularmente com os exercícios de abdominal que envolvam flexão do tronco.
E é claro que pensando em músculos, eu não poderia deixar de falar sobre a fisioterapia pélvica. É comum que gestantes relatem perda urinária, mas não é normal. Nosso assoalho pélvico é formado por músculos e podem ser trabalhados de forma a suportar o aumento do peso sobre ele e também o trabalho de parto. Se puder ser acompanhada por uma, tenho certeza que fará a diferença em sua vida.
Conclusão
Se movimentar é parte do preparo para uma gestação, parto e pós-parto saudáveis, mas é necessário de movimentar com propósito. Procurar um profissional que esteja acostumado a trabalhar com gestantes pode ser fundamental para o sucesso desse momento, já que a gestação é um momento em que o corpo da mulher passa por vários processos de adaptação e entende-los é essencial para esse acompanhamento.
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